• Air quality An animal shelter should either be open, with provisions for natural ventilation, or enclosed, using fans and proper air inlets around the ceiling perimeter to provide ventilation. Tight buildings result in a buildup of respiration gases and animal odors which can irritate the animals’ lungs and cause pneumonia.

• Drafts Animals can stand cold temperatures, but you should protect them from drafts. Constructing panels in front of an open building can reduce drafts. When animals are allowed to run loose in a pen, instead of being hitched, they will search for the most comfortable spots.

• Dry bedding area Animals will be comfortable in the cold if they have clean, dry bedding. A thick dry bed provides insulation from the cold ground and decreases the amount of energy the animal has to expend to keep warm. Shelter from the snow and rain allows an animal’s coat to remain dry, to provide maximum insulating value.

• Fresh water All animals need water to survive. Under cold conditions, provide fresh water often or use freeze-proof watering devices.

• Adequate food Animals can endure severe cold temperatures if they eat enough food to maintain their energy reserves. Animals need food for growth and maintenance. They require additional amounts of good quality feed during cold weather to allow for the extra energy expended in keeping warm. Hay racks or feed bunks will properly dispense forages to reduce waste.

A simple, three-sided shelter with an open front will meet the needs of many farm animals and is often the building of choice to raise healthy livestock. When designing a three-sided animal shelter, make sure the open side faces the south away from prevailing wind. Locate the structure on an elevated, well-drained site and make it accessible for feeding and materials handling.

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